DDA Syllabus
Catalog Code DDA-660
Course Title MFA Thesis I and Thesis II
Course Credits 6
Year & Term Fall 2016
Section 1
Location & Time Myrtle Hall, 4W-9, Monday 2:00pm - 4:50pm
Instructor Michael O'Rourke
Required/Elective Required
Prerequisites DDA-606B, DDA-650, or DDA-660A
Department Department of Digital Arts
Chairperson Peter Patchen
School School of Art and Design
Instructor's eMail morourke@pratt.edu
Web Site www.michaelorourke.com
Instructor's Office Phone 718-636-3782
Office Hours Monday 12:00pm - 1:00pm
Tuesday 1:00pm - 2:00pm
Thursday 1:30pm-2:00pm
Office Location Myrtle Hall 4W-12
Syllabus Version Date 8/20/2016
Bulletin Descriptions

660A:
This is the first of two thesis courses for all MFA candidates in Digital Arts. It is the fourth course in the DDA MFA thesis process, following the completion of DDA-606B Graduate Seminar II, and it is a pre-requisite for DDA-660B Thesis II. Students are expected to begin the production of a significant original contribution to the field of Digital Arts.

660B:
This is the culminating course for all MFA candidates in Digital Arts. It is the fourth and final course in the Digital Arts MFA thesis process, following the completion of DDA-660A Thesis I. Students are expected to complete and present a significant original contribution to the field of Digital Arts in the form of a visual project and a written documentation of the entire process, from research through completion.


Detailed Description

This course is your thesis-project course. During it, you produce the thesis project you proposed in DDA-606B or DDA-650. The course is run as a seminar. That is, there is no preset list of instructional topics. Rather, issues -- conceptual, artistic, and technical -- are dealt with as they are raised by your projects. Students are expected to work regularly and at a steady pace without formal tests or assignments. This requires independence, maturity, self-motivation, and self-scheduling on your part.

I will serve as an advisor to you in all this. I will make suggestions to you on various aspects of your project. But, with few exceptions, I will not be telling you specifically what to do, or exactly when to do it.

Entry Requirements

Students must have had their thesis proposal developed in DDA-606B Graduate Seminar or in DDA-650 Thesis Research, and should come into this class already having a good familiarity with the principles and practice of the area of digital art-making for which they have been approved by the Thesis Committee. There will be no predetermined technical instruction during these classes; technical issues will be addressed as they come up, in an ad hoc manner. Most of the discussion and critique of the sessions will deal with the intellectual and artistic aspects of your project.

Group Meetings

Every fourth week, we will meet as a group. (See the weekly schedule below.) These sessions will be treated as seminars, an opportunity to discuss and get feedback on issues that you are encountering in your thesis project. These issues might be aesthetic, conceptual, technical, motivational, logistical -- anything that comes up.

The weekly meetings are an important opportunity for you to get feedback and constructive criticism on your project. This will come primarily from your peers, and secondarily from me. It is extremely important that you all play an active role in critiquing each other's work. You cannot hope to assess and critique your own work if you cannot assess and critique someone else's work. I would like as much as possible to have you be the ones who do the talking, make the suggestions, ask the questions, raise the issues. rather than have me do that.

At each of these group meetings, each student should assemble their work into a current version of the whole project. That is, do not bring in and show just isolated segments (models, sketches, scenes, images, etc.) Instead, assemble your work-to-date into an updated version of the whole project, in whatever state it currently is. For animation, this means a next version of the complete animation, block-timing test, or animatic, depending on the stage you are in. For imaging and installation students, it means an updated version of the whole composition or installation.

We will discuss and critique each student's work as a group. Try to take advantage of the group meetings as an opportunity to get advice, suggestions and criticism from a lot of very smart and very talented people -- your classmates. If there is something you are concerned about and no one brings it up, bring it up yourself -- ask for criticism about it.

At each group meeting you will also be expected to bring in a next draft of your Thesis paper. I will advise you on what I expect in each successive draft.

Individual Meetings

On the weeks when we do not meet as a group, I will meet with each of you individually. These individual meetings will be scheduled to take place within the same time-slot that we are using for the group meetings. We will work out the details of this as the semester progresses. Once we have done so, I will post that schedule of appointments on my Pratt website under your course page.

Please note: these individual meetings with me are not optional. They are important and useful. Sometimes they are most useful exactly when you feel you have nothing to talk about or show. It is normal that you may sometimes have nothing "good" to show, or even nothing at all. It is still important that you keep your appointment so that we can talk about that. You are expected to keep your appointment. If for some unusual reason you cannot make your appointment one week, please show professional courtesy and let me know ahead of time.

Additional Appointments

If you wish to meet with me outside of our normally scheduled class time to discuss your project or your situation, speak to me and we will schedule a time to do so. See above for my contact information and office hours.



Course Goals

The goal of this course is the successful completion by the end of Thesis II of your thesis project.

It is expected that you will make changes and improvements to your original proposal as you work on and develop your thesis project. In fact, I will push you very hard to do so. However, radical deviations from your proposed project-- e.g, a complete change of story, or medium, or concept -- may require that you repeat a semester of Thesis. Because repeating Thesis is very costly -- financially and emotionally -- I will encourage you to develop your original project, rather than abandon it or radically change it.

The Department expects all students to complete their thesis projects in two semesters -- Thesis I and Thesis II. If for some reason your project remains unfinished after Thesis II, the Dept., at its discretion and based on the assessment of its Thesis Committee, may grant you a semester of Thesis In Progress (TIP) to conclude your project. A maximum of two TIP semester is possible. If your project remains unfinished after two TIP semesters, you will receive an F for Thesis and will have to start over.

 



Course Requirements

Attendance/Participation

It is extremely important that you attend and fully participate in the weekly classes, both the group meetings and the individual meetings. Please note also that it is Pratt Institute policy that three unexcused absences constitute grounds for an automatic F for the course, and that two latenesses are considered the equivalent of one absence. Arriving more than 10 minutes after the scheduled start of class will be considered late. Arriving more than one hour after the scheduled start time will be considered absent. Students are 100% responsible for their own attendance and must allow for delays due to subways, traffic, etc. If you miss class because of illness, you should bring in a note from your physician to avoid your absence being listed as "unexcused". (Pratt Student Health services can be of help to you here.)

Blog Page

Each student will also create a blog page for this course and will keep their blog page up to date with samples of their research, thoughts, tests, and work in progress. This Blog page is important, as it will serve as a record of your day-to-day and week-to-week progress. Blog pages will be accessible to all students in the class, so your blog page also serves as a way for you to get feedback from other students in the class. Your blog page for this course must be separate from other blogs you may have. It can be embedded within another blog, but it must have a separate link so that we can easily access your entries that are specific to this course.

Your Project, Your Paper

You are expected to work steadily and well on your thesis project, both the visual project and the paper. Poor progress or work of poor quality will, as in any other class, negatively affect your grade.

Final Exhibition and Screening Day (Spring semester)

All graduating students will have their completed work exhibited by the Department at the end of the Spring semester. For time-based work this will be at the DDA Screening Day. For physical and installation projects, your work will be exhibited in a gallery setting. Details of exhibition and screening will be conveyed to you as that time approaches.

Deadlines for Completion of Thesis Project - Spring semester

Visual Project: All graduating Thesis students must have completed their visual project by the Departmental deadline of <date> in the Spring semester. (Note: This is deadline is usually well before the end of the Spring semester.) By this date, your visual project must be completely, 100% finished -- and approved --by your Advisor. If your project is not an animation, it also needs to have been exhibited by this date. For non-video projects, all visual documentation must be handed in by this date.

Paper and all Supporting Materials: All thesis materials, including your totally finished and approved paper, are due to your Advisor by <date> in the Spring semester. For a complete list of what must be handed in, see the Thesis Guidelines document, a copy of which is on my Pratt website. On the date mentioned, all your disks, properly labeled, as well as the required copies of your paper, must be handed in to your Advisor. Note that your paper and all materials must be totally, 100% approved by your Advisor before this date. If you hand anything in that has anything wrong with it, even if it is minor, it will not be accepted. It is therefore important that you take responsibility to show your Advisor all materials prior to this final date (usually several times) and have them approved.

Course Schedule
WEEK 1
Aug. 22

Group Meeting
Review of administrative issues
Brief presentation by each student of their Thesis project as it currently stands, including an assessment by the student of the strong and the weak points of the project.


WEEK 2
Aug. 29

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


Sept. 5

Labor Day - no class


WEEK 3
Sept. 12

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 4
Sept. 19

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 5
Sept. 26

Group Meeting

Work in Progress:
Each student shows their work in progress to the whole group. Discussion and critique of the work in progress by the group. Each student should assemble their work into a current version of the whole project. That is -- do not bring in and show just isolated segments (models, sketches, scenes, images, etc.) Instead, assemble your work to date into an updated version of the whole project, in whatever state it currently is. For animation, this means a next version of the complete animation, block-timing test, or animatic, depending on the stage you are in. For imaging and installation students, it means an updated version of the whole composition, series, or installation.

Paper (Thesis I students):
Each Thesis I student should do a "draft #0" of the Thesis paper. This consists of copying the template file on my website and using it for formatting and building the outline of your paper. This outline is important; it serves as the structure of your paper. Please give a lot of thought to your outline. Print your draft out on hardcopy paper and hand it in to me.

Paper (Thesis II students):
Each Thesis II student should do a next draft of the Thesis paper. This should consist of your previous draft plus some additional writing in an area of your choosing. Every time you hand in a draft of your paper, you MUST also hand in to me your previous draft (with my written comments on it), along with your new draft, printed on paper. This is so I can read and comment incrementally, without having to start all over with each draft.


WEEK 6
Oct. 3

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress

 


Oct. 10

Columbus Day, Mid-term Break - no class


WEEK 7
Oct. 17

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 8
Oct. 24

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 9
Oct. 31

Group Meeting

Work in Progress:
Each student shows their work in progress to the whole group. Discussion and critique of the work in progress by the group. Each student should assemble their work into a current version of the whole project. That is -- do not bring in and show just isolated segments (models, sketches, scenes, images, etc.) Instead, assemble your work to date into an updated version of the whole project, in whatever state it currently is. For animation, this means a next version of the complete animation, block-timing test, or animatic, depending on the stage you are in. For imaging and installation students, it means an updated version of the whole composition, series, or installation.

Paper:
Additionally, each student should do a next draft of the Thesis paper.

Thesis I students: This draft #1 consists of adding a Research section. This Research section can be based largely on what you already did in the Graduate Seminar class. When you hand me your printed draft#1, also hand in to me your previous draft#0, so I can read comparatively.

NOTE: Every time you hand in a draft of your paper, you MUST also hand in to me your previous draft (with my written comments on it), along with your new draft, printed on paper. This is so I can read and comment incrementally, without having to start all over with each draft.

Thesis II and graduating students: Your paper should be 90% complete at this point. This will allow us to make final adjustments and fixes in time for the total completion of your Thesis by the Departmental deadline. As always, hand in to me your previous draft (with my written comments on it), plus your new draft, printed on paper.

The instructor will issue each student a "feedback" grade after this group meeting. This is not a grade properly speaking and will not contribute to your final grade for the semester. Rather it is a projection of what grade I expect you will receive if you continue working as you have been working thus far.


WEEK 10
Nov. 7

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 11
Nov. 14

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 12
Nov. 21

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


WEEK 13
Nov. 28

Group Meeting
Work in Progress:
Each student shows their work in progress to the whole group. Discussion and critique of the work in progress by the group. Thesis I students should assemble their work into a current version of the whole project, as described above for all group meetings.

Paper:
Thesis I: Hand in Draft#2 of the paper. This consists of the Research section you did in draft#1 plus at least one other section of writing. As always, when you hand hand in this new draft, also hand in your previous draft so I can read comparatively.

Note: The Department may schedule special Thesis events and deadlines toward the end of the semester. I will inform you of them as the Department announces them.


WEEK 14
Nov. 5

Public Thesis Project Review: All thesis students are required to present their Thesis project proposal publicly before an audience of faculty and students at the end of the semester. Our last session will consist of this public review session, which replaces our normally scheduled class for that week. Reviews take place in two sessions: Wednesday 12/9 and Monday 12/14. You must arrange your schedule to attend at least one entire day of these sessions -- either one full day or two half days.

These end-of-semester reviews are intended to provide objective and comprehensive feedback to you on your projects. The more clearly and thoroughly your present your project, the more useful the feedback you are likely to get.

Please note the following Departmental policy change:

For Thesis I students, the faculty will not be making a decision whether or not your project is acceptable and therefore whether you will continue on to Thesis II. As long as you pass your Thesis I course, you will advance to Thesis II.

For Thesis II and TIP studnets, the final decision on whether your project meets the standards of the DDA is made after this Thesis Review by a Thesis Committee of faculty. If your project is not finished or is deemed not yet acceptable, you will be granted a Thesis In Progress (TIP) semester. A maximum of two TIP semesters may be granted by the Department.

After consulting with the Thesis Review Committee, the instructor will notify each student of their status and issue their final grade for the semester.

Final approval of your paper comes from the Chairperson after he has read your paper.

Special note to students graduating this semester:

Students who are graduating this semester must hand in totally 100% finished and approved visual projects and visual documentation to their Advisor by November 30. All materials must have already been seen and approved by the Advisor before this date. All materials must be 100 % completed and approved. This includes all visual materials, visual documentation, paper -- everything that you are required to hand in. See the link on my Pratt website entitled "DDA Thesis Guidelines" for details of what you are required to hand in.

If your materials are late, the decision on whether to accept them will be made by the Department.


WEEK 15
Nov. 12

Individual Meetings
Students meet individually with instructor at scheduled time to look at and discuss student's work in progress


Textbooks, Readings, & Materials

There are no required texts or other materials for this course, as each student's thesis project is individual and has its own specific requirements. The instructor may make suggestions and recommendations to individual students.


Assessment & Grading

You will receive a letter grade for each semester of your thesis, Thesis I and Thesis II, just as you do for other courses. Your final letter grade will be determined by the quality and the quantity of work you have done throughout that semester of DDA-660. Please note several important points:

A) There will be no specific graded assignments. Instead, I will give you an informal "feedback grade" at approximately the mid-point of the semester. These grades are my feedback to you on how I think you are progressing in your project. They do not count into the actual calculation of your final grade, but they do serve to tell you what grade you might expect to receive if you continue working as you have been thus far.

B) After the last session, which is the Thesis Committee review, I will give you a final grade for the semester. Your grade will be based on the overall progress you have been making thus far on your thesis project. This means that you must take responsibility for working steadily and hard on your project throughout the entire semester. If your work is unsatisfactory, in either quantity or quality, you will receive an F and will have to repeat the course. This applies to both Thesis I and Thesis II.

C) Both semesters of Thesis are 6-credit courses, so the amount of work you do in these Thesis courses should be twice what you would do for a normal 3-credit course. Also, because of the six credits, your grades for Thesis have twice the importance of a grade from a normal course. It is therefore critical to pace yourself and work hard and steadily throughout both semesters to make good progress.

D) Be advised that grades are earned by a combination of effort + quality. It is assumed that all students will work hard. That is where we start. Thus, a grade of A means that you have worked hard and you have done excellent work; a grade of B means you have worked hard and done reasonably good work; a grade of C means your work is weak and just barely meets the minimum standards of the Institute; a grade below C constitutes a failure for graduate-level work. Graduate students are expected to maintain an average of B or better for all their courses.

Presentations to Thesis Committee

Requirement:
Every Thesis I, Thesis II, and Thesis-in-Progress student is required to present their work to a Thesis Committee at the conclusion of each semester. Each thesis student must attend the entire session of presentations.

Scheduling:
Presentations to the Thesis Committee take place at the very end of the semester, usually on the last day of the semester. Depending on the number of students presenting, presentations may run over the course of two full days.The review is scheduled this semester for <date> and<date>.

Feedback:
A principle goal of the Thesis Review is to permit the Thesis Committee to offer feedback to each student on the progress of their work. Time alloted to each student is very limited, so in order to get meaningful feedback you must organize your materials and thoughts carefully.

Finished Theses:
On concluding their thesis project, each Thesis student must have his/her finished project approved by a Thesis Committee consisting of several faculty members. This entails presenting your finished project before the Committee, explaining it and answering any questions about it. Please note: All aspects of your project -- 100% of the visual project, plus 100% of the thesis paper -- must be completed by the date of this presentation in order to graduate.

For Thesis II and TIP students, the Commitee will also make a binding decision whether: a)the student's thesis project is finished satisfactorily and meets the standards of the Department; b) if the project is not finished, whether progress is sufficient to merit a semester of TIP; c) if the project is not finished and progress has been insufficient, whether the student must repeat Thesis II. In extreme cases, a student may be dropped from the program entirely for failure to work at the level expected. Note that it is the Committee, not your Advisor, who decides whether your project meets the standards of the Department and whether you are finished. If the Committee decides that you are indeed finished, it is then your Advisor who gives you a grade.

Institute Grading Guidelines

See this link for Pratt's official guidelines for Grading.

Given that graduate students must keep an overall GPA of 3.0 (B), this can be interpreted as follows:

A = Extremely good work
A- = Very good work
B+ = Good work, better than average
B = Reasonably good, but not outstanding
B- = OK, somewhat short of satisfactory
C+ = Slightly better than minimally passing, not acceptable quality
C = Minimally passing, not acceptable quality

Grades below C are considered non-passing at the graduate level


Final Thesis Project

The Visual Project

There are certain specific formats that must be followed for your visual project. These vary depending on the nature of the project. A video animation has one set of requirements; an interactive project has another, etc. Make sure you are aware of the format requirements for your type of project. These requirements are spelled out in detail in the official DDA Thesis Guidelines document. This document is available on my web site. It is also available from the DDA office.

Thesis Committee Approval

As described above under Grading, it is the Thesis Committee which gives final approval of a completed thesis. Only after the Thesis Committee approves your project can your individual Thesis Advisor approve it and grade it. Thesis Committees will review finished projects at the end of both the Fall and Spring semesters.

As with all DDA courses, you are encouraged but not required to seek occasional feedback from other faculty members on your project.

The Written Thesis

Every thesis project includes a written paper which explains and documents the conceptual, aesthetic, and technical issues you encountered in doing your project. This paper is normally between 20 and 30 pages in length. It must address certain issues, and should be clearly and thoughtfully written, carefully formatted and abundantly illustrated. Spelling and English grammar must also be correct. The DDA document Thesis Requirements and Guidelines describes many general issues relating to Thesis, including the production of the paper. There is also another document, available from the Library, entitled Guidelines for Graduate Theses, which describes the required formatting of the paper. Links to both of these documents can be found on my Pratt website.

This paper requires a significant writing endeavor. Do not underestimate how much time and effort you will have to devote to this written document. Normally, it takes a student anywhere from four to eight drafts of this document before it is finally in a state that can be approved. It is for this reason that I ask you to produce several preliminary drafts of your paper during the two semesters of DDA-660.

Spelling and English grammar must also be correct throughout your paper. This can present special challenges for students whose native language is not English. You must correct the English before you hand me each draft of your paper. The Pratt Writing and Tutorial Center can help you with this. However you do it, you must have the English correct before you hand papers in to me. If there are too many English mistakes, I will hand your paper back to you unread.


Deadlines

There are very specific deadlines for handing in your final project for approval. These deadlines vary from semester to semester, and are driven by the need of the Registrars Office to get information for graduation, of the Library to get its copy of the Thesis, and of the Department to process projects in a timely way. Make sure you are aware well in advance of all the deadlines -- DDA, Library, Registrar -- for the semester in which you hope to finish. Confer the Pratt Library document, Guidelines for Graduate Theses, for Library deadlines. Contact the Registrars Office, if necessary, for theirs.

See "Course Requirements" above for DDA deadlines.

Be aware that in order for a thesis to be approved, it must be 100% complete -- both the visual project and the paper - and be signed by two people - your Advisor (me), the Chair of our Department.

Each of these stages takes time. You must take the responsibility to hand in your work with enough time for each of the reviewers to review and sign your project and still be done by the deadline. The Chair usually requests a week to ten days. I usually need several days to a week for each draft. Don't hand things in at the very last minute and expect me or the Chair to stop our lives in order to push your late work through the system. Also be aware that at the end of the semester (especially the Spring semester) there are many other students handing in their materials to me and I will papers in the order in which they are handed in.

 

Thesis In Progress

If you have not completely finished your project by the end of Thesis II, the Department may, at its discretion, grant you a Thesis in Progress (TIP) semester. Note: It is Departmental policy that a maximum of two semesters of TIP may be granted. If your project is still incomplete after two TIP semesters, you will be required to start your Thesis process all over at Thesis I.

If you are granted a TIP semester, there are several things you should know.

* Upon completion of your project, your IP grade for DDA-660B is changed to your actual grade.

* Your Thesis Advisor from DDA-660 remains your Thesis Advisor during TIP.

* As a TIP student, you will be expected to work even more independently than you did as a Thesis student. Normally you and I will meet once every few weeks. In the very final stages of your project we may meet more frequently. It is your responsibility to contact me to arrange meetings.

* Every TIP student must remain "in good standing" in order to remain enrolled. To remain in good standing, you must:

a) Meet with your Advisor to show me your work and keep me informed of the progress of your thesis project.

b) Continue to make satisfactory progress, both in quantity and quality, on your thesis. Whether your progress is satisfactory is determined by the Thesis Committee before whom you present your work at the end of the semester.

c) Register and pay the registration fee every semester.

Course Policies

File Storage

As with all DDA courses, each student is 100% responsible for storing all of his or her files on their own removable storage media. You must make permanent backups of your files on regular basis onto your own storage media (Flash, CD, DVD, external HD, etc.). When you do so, please remember to make two backups -- the first is your "original", and the second is your "backup"



Institute Policies

CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS

It is Pratt Institute policy that work done in one class cannot be submitted to fulfill assignments in another class. It is very possible to do work that overlaps or is closely related in two different courses, but you cannot fulfill two assignment requirements with one piece of work. If you have any questions, discuss the issue with all the instructors involved before proceeding.

STUDENTS WITH LEARNING ISSUES

If you have a significant learning issue or disability, you are strongly encouraged to work with the Offiice of Disability Services (Main Bldg, Tel: 718 636 3711). Through them you can get guidance and support and request special accomodations if appropriate. You are also very strongly encouraged to notifiy your instructor if you have a special learning difficulty, as we cannot help you or make accomodations unless we know what your situation is.

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

(The following is derived from the Pratt Institute website. Please see also the Pratt Student Handbook for more details.)

Pratt Institute considers Academic Integrity highly important. Instances of cheating, plagiarism, and wrongful use of intellectual property will not be tolerated.

  • Faculty members will report each incident to the registrar for inclusion in studentsí files.
  • More than one report to the registrar during a studentís program of study at Pratt will result in a hearing before the Academic Integrity Board, at which time appropriate sanctions will be decided. These may include dismissal from the Institute.
  • The nature and severity of the infraction will be determined by faculty members who can: ask students to repeat an assignment, fail students on the assignment, fail students in the course and/or refer the incident to the Academic Integrity Board.

For more details about these procedures please see the Pratt Student Handbook, the Pratt Bulletins, and the pamphlet entitled Judicial Procedures at Pratt.

CHEATING

If students use dishonest methods to fulfill course requirements, they are cheating. Examples of this include, but are not limited to:

  • Obtaining or offering copies of exams or information about the content of exams in advance.
  • Bringing notes in any form to a closed book exam.
  • Looking at another studentís paper during an exam.
  • Receiving or communicating any information from or to another student during an exam.

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is a bit more complicated, but the rules of documentation and citation are very specific and are tailored to different academic disciplines. Types of plagiarism include:

  • Including any material from any source other than you in a paper or project without proper attribution. This includes material from the Internet, books, papers, or projects by other students, and from any other source.
  • Using your own work to fulfill requirements for more than one course
  • The extensive use of the ideas of others in your work without proper attribution.
  • Turning in work done by another person or a fellow student as oneís own.

Please remember that all work must be the student's own. If it is not, the source should be cited and documented appropriately.

If there are aspects of this statement that are not understood, ask faculty members for help.